Abstract

A total of 606 children aged 12-60 months in Ha Giang and Thanh Hoa had stools tested by Kato-Katz method. The results showed that the overall infection rate was 26.9%, in which the infection rate in Ha Giang was higher than that in Thanh Hoa (30.9% vs. 22.8%). Roundworms were responsible for the highest infection rate of 18.8%, followed by whipworms (13.5%), pinworms (0.8%) and hookworms (0.5%). Of 163 cases, there were 123 single infections (75.5%) and 40 mixed infections (24.5%). Most of the cases got lightly infected, except for two severe cases of roundworms, 45 mild cases of roundworms and four mild cases of Trichuris trichiura. Hmong children were most affected by helminths with 83.4% of the cases. Occupation, parents' education level and the use of latrines had a close relationship with the helminth infection in 12-60 month children.

Abstract

The study was conducted on 09 fresh food samples collected from Long Bien market in 2015. Microbiological criteria included total aerobic bacteria, E. coli, and S. aureus. The results showed that 100% of the fresh food samples were infected with E. coli and S. aureus. The number of bacteria in many samples exceeded the permissible limit. Evaluation results of bacterial contamination were as follows: Regarding total aerobic bacteria, there were 4/9 samples passed (44.4%); 3/9 samples failed (33.3%) and 2/9 samples at the warning level (22.2%); Regarding E. coli, only 1/9 sample (11.1% ) passed; 7/9 samples failed (77.9 %) and 1/9 sample was at the warning level (11.1%); Regarding S. aureus, 2/9 samples (22.2% ) passed; 6/9 samples failed (66.7%) and 1/9 sample was at the warning level (11.1%); The only one fish sample met all three bacterial criteria that were below the permitted level, accounting for 11.1%. After washing, the number of bacteria in the samples decreased by 1.4 times to 40 times, depending on the type of food and each bacterial criterion.
             Keywords: Food safety, fresh foods, total aerobic bacteria, E. coli, S. aureus 

Abtracts

The study was conducted from 2012 to 2015 to assess the malaria situation in Dak Nhau commune, Bu Dang district and Dak O commune, Bu Gia Map district, Binh Phuoc province. The results showed a complicated and unstable malaria situation. Plasmodium infections often rose from November to April, with the peak in January. The infection rate among forest goers in 2015 was 4.55% in Dak Nhau and 21.66% in Dak O. In comparison with total populations, this rate was 97.68% in  Dak Nhau and 94.74% in Dak O. Local infections at forest fields in Dak Nhau accounted for 59.68%, in which 20.16% were immigrants. The risk of malaria for forest goers in Dak Nhau was 128.64 times higher than those who did not. In Dak O, local infections at forest fields shared 78.39%, including 17.23% from other areas; 16.35% from Cambodia; 5.26% at village. The risk of malaria for forest goers in Dak O commune was 71.72 times higher than those who did not.

Keywords: parasite infection rate, malaria, forest goer. 

Abstract

A survey on the use of Yorkool long lasting insecticidual bed nets in fields and villages after 3 years of use was conducted in high transmission areas of Binh Phuoc province in 2015. The results showed that the coverage rate was 1.65 persons per net in Dak Nhau commune, and 1.56 persons per net in Dak O. The purchased nets in Dak Nhau and Dak O accounted for 34.59% and 30.32% respectively, the rest were granted. The ratio of washed nets was 93.15%; Most of the nets were washed with detergents sharing 91.78%, and only 2.13% of the households dried nets appropriately in a cool place. The number of households with torn be nets occupied 64.22%; in which 31.97% were with small holes <0.5cm, and 30.57% with holes of 0.5-2 cm, and 9.4% with holes of 10-25 cm and 3.3 % with holes > 25 cm. Yorkool® LN long lasting insectidual bed nets were accepted by the community. However, some families did not use these nets mainly because they were torn. Yorkool® LN after 3 years of use still have good effect to laboratory sensitive An.dirus mosquito strain, with the average killing rate of 82%.

          Key words: Yorkool LN. 

Abstract

Tien Giang is an endemic area of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). Monitoring of Aedes adult and pupa indices was conducted monthly at 10 districts in order to monitor and forecast the outbreak of the disease. The correlation between adult mosquito and pupa indices of Aedes with Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever cases in Tien Giang province in 2012 was described and identified. The vector found in Tien Giang was Aedes aegypti, without the presence of Aedes albopictus. Adult mosquito and pupa indices were at the high level from May to October, with the peak from June to September. DHF was endemic in all 10 districts and increased from May to November, reaching the peak in August and gradually decreased from December. There was a strong correlation between adult mosquito density index (DI), House index (HI), Breteau index (BI), Larval and pupa house index (HI), Container index (CI) and the incidence of DHF (correlation coefficient r: 0.76 - 0.89, p<0.01). Thus, regular surveillance of Aedes needs to be maintained at fixed points to monitor and forecast the DHF epidemic.

Keywords: vector, Aedes, dengue hemorrhagic fever. 

Abtracts

The study was carried out from June to December 2015 at  My Duc Dong (intervention) and An Thai Dong (control) commune, Cai Be district, Tien Giang province. Indoor residual spraying (IRS) with Fendona 10SC was conducted in 1054 households in My Duc Dong commune. These houses were mainly made of painted brick walls. During the test period, national routine monitoring measures such as environmental sanitation, ultra-low volume spraying were still conducted in case of epidemic... After intervention, mosquito and larvae index in the intevention commune decreased after 3 months, especially after 7 days. Mosquito density index, house index, and Breteau index (BI) before intervention was 0.35, 32, and 40 respectively. After 7 days of intervention, these indices were 0.08, 4, and 15 respectively. From the 4th month after spraying, the indices began to increase gradually, and they were as high as those before spraying in the 5th month. The effectiveness of residual spraying with Fendona 10SC on brick walls to laboratory Aedes aegypti strains was within 5 months. Fendona 10SC was effective in killing field mosquito strains within 3 months after intervention, from 87.05% after 7 days of spraying to 56.25% after 3 months of spraying.

Abstracts

The outbreak of Hand Foot Mouth Disease occurred and caused deaths in Tien Giang in 2011 with 32 cases in total. There haven't been specific treatments and preventive vaccines for this disease. An epidemiological study on epidemiological characteristics of the disease was conducted in Tien Giang in 2011 aiming to orient control activities. The results showed that the disease was common in children under 5 years old, sharing 91.38%. Male patients outnumbered females (59.54% vs. 40.46%); None of 10 districts, towns and cities in the province was excluded from the disease. The disease occurred all year round with the peak in July. It was caused by Enteroviruses, in which EV 71 accounted for 59.18%. Preventive measures such as daily personal hygiene and environmental sanitation should be implemented and maintained to prevent children from the disease.

Keywords: Hand Foot Mouth Disease 

Abtract

A study on the condition of health infrastructure and human resources in the Communal Health Centres where DOT was being carried out was conducted in Ia R’mok and Ia R’sai communes, Krong Pa district, Gia Lai province and Dak Nong and Eatling communes, Cu Jut district, Dak Nong province. The results showed that communal health workers were not adequate and did not meet the requirements. The rate of health workers knowing about DOT method was 67.9% and 82.1% of the staff knew that DOT was being applied in their health centres. 46% of the staff were trained on DOT, and only 53.6% were involved in this therapy.  Especially, only 50% of the staff handling laboratory tests for detecting parasites were accepted. There were 4 communal health centers having no laboratory, affecting malaria diagnosis and treatment in the way that test results were not delivered in a timely manner. Anti-malaria drugs in these communal health centers did not follow the standards of National Malaria Control Programs. 86% of the malaria patients sought the treatment in communal health centers. Almost 30% of the patients gave the answer that they could not follow the treatment by DOT method because they felt recovered 78%. Only 3% of the patients respected DOT to avoid drug resistance.

Keywords: Malaria, examination, infrastructure, DOT. 

Abstract

Rabies is an acute infection caused by rabies virus. The disease mainly occurs in warm-blooded animals (dogs, cats ...) and infects humans through damaged skin and mucous membranes. It is locally endemic and has caused sporadic and epidemic outbreaks in Yen Bai. In recent years, rabies in dogs has spread widely. There were 32 death cases of rabies from dog bites from 2011 to 2013. The fact of dogs running, dog biting, and dog biting owners spiked with more than 3000 people having vaccinated against rabies in 2012 and 6000 people in 2013. Due to uncontrolled rabies in dogs, rabies vaccination for humans in combination with other unspecific measures is currently the most effective way to reduce human rabies mortality. Before the unpredictable development of rabies, an assessment of knowledge and practices about rabies prevention and control among residents of Van Chan district where rabies first appeared on a large scale was conducted after a period of active interventions.

Abstract

Immunodiagnostic tests for Fasciola detection in humans are still being widely used. This is a technique for early diagnosis and easy to use in health facilities. However, test results are highly affected by the quality of biological products and used specific antigens. This study was conducted targeting to improve the quality of antigen-specific antibody purification in the production of biological products for liver fluke detection at the Laboratory in National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology (NIMPE). Excretory-secretory antigen (ES) and crude antigen (CW) of Fasciola gigantica juveniles were purified through Protein Vivaspin2 with the ultrafiltration membranes of 30kDa and 50kDa, respectively. The study results showed that the FAS-NIMPE ES had a sensitivity of 94.5% and a specificity of 100%. False positive rate was 0% and false negative rate was 4.8%. Positive predictive value was 100% and negative predictive value was 95.2%. The matching coefficient between ELISA Scimex and FAS-NIMPE ES for the detection of antibodies against Fasciola flukes was very high with KAPPA = 0.89. For FAS-NIMPE CW, the sensitivity and specificity were 91.9% and 100%, respectively. The matching coefficient between ELISA Scimex and FAS-NIMPE for the detection of antibodies against Fasciola was very high with KAPPA = 0.83. Thus, Protein Vivaspin2 can be widely applied in the production of FAS-NIMPE and other biological products for the diagnosis of parasitic infections.  

Keywords: Fasciola gigantica, Protein Vivaspin2, FAS-NIMPE, ELISA.

Abstract

Although Ancylostoma ceylanicum is known one of hookworm of dogs and cats in Asia, its contribution to human morbidity as a potentially zoonotic hookworm remains largely unexplored. Its discovery by Lane (1913) as a ‘new parasite’ of humans and largely overlooked in surveys of human parasites. Recent molecular-based surveys in Asia, however, have demonstrated that A. ceylanicum is the second most common hookworm species infecting humans, comprising between 6% and 23% of total human hookworm infections. In experimentally induced infections, A. ceylanicum clinical symptoms also resemble hookworm. Natural infections with A. ceylanicum in humans have been reported in almost all geographical areas in which the hookworm is known to be endemic in dogs and cats, however for the majority of reports, no clinical data are available. Much like the anthroponotic hookworm species, patent A. ceylanicum adults can isolate within the jejunum to produce chronic infections that on occasion, may occur in high enough burdens to produce anaemia. In addition, the hookworm can act much like A. caninum and be found lower in the gastrointestinal tract leading to abdominal distension and pain, diarrhoea and occult blood in the faeces accompanied by peripheral eosinophilia. Whether A. ceylanicum is capable of producing both classical hookworm disease and and diseases associated with allergic mechanisms in humans. Future investigations combining the use of molecular diagnostic tools with clinical and pathological data will shed further light on its role as a human pathogen Ancylostoma ceylanicum. The control of this zoonosis necessitates an integrated and inter-sectorial “One Health” approach be adopted in communities. 

Key word: hookworm, Ancylostoma ceylanicum, dog, cat, human

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